Ideally between 68–77°F (20–25°C) . Growth rates significantly drop at lower temperatures, such as 40°F (4°C).
A mixture of 75% cow dung and 25% fine sand is scientifically proven to produce the fastest growth. Alternatively, mud enriched with organic matter like decaying vegetables or bran can be used.
Continuous, mild water flow is essential to maintain dissolved oxygen levels (around 3 mg/L) and remove metabolic waste.