) is calculated by dividing the total number of "hits" by the total number of points applied across all fields. 3. Statistical Confidence and Precision
To ensure statistical accuracy, this process is repeated across multiple fields of view (different locations on the sample). Calculation: The volume fraction ( PPcap P sub cap P astm e562-19e1
Half point: Counts as 0.5 if it falls exactly on the boundary. ) is calculated by dividing the total number
Metallographic specimens are ground, polished, and often etched to reveal the different phases under a microscope. astm e562-19e1
The "19e1" suffix indicates the standard was originally approved or revised in 2019, with "e1" denoting a minor editorial change that did not affect the technical content of the document. 1. Why Is This Standard Necessary?